The EU is the first jurisdiction to introduce a carbon border adjustment mechanism to prevent carbon leakage from production moving to countries with looser emissions rules. While it could advance the Paris Agreement’s goals, it also raises trade tensions—especially in the already complex EU–US relationship.

‘As the harmful impacts of climate change manifest rapidly, there is a growing need for judicial and similar remedies to address states’ responsibilities for greenhouse-gas emissions, failures in mitigation or adaptation, and related human-rights claims.’

Global leaders met in Belém, Brazil, for COP30, seeking progress on climate action despite geopolitical tensions. Brazil’s proposed ‘Global Mutirão’ aimed to unite countries on fossil-fuel transition and climate finance, but negotiations yielded only partial breakthroughs, revealing deep divides over energy, funding, and trade measures.

As Brazil prepares to host COP30 in Belém, expectations are high for advancing the Paris Agreement’s goals. Key debates will centre on climate finance, carbon markets, and the role of biodiversity in climate action, with Brazil seeking to highlight tropical forest preservation and sustainable agriculture.